| Some facts about Renal Stones |
| Kidney stone decease |
| A disease, followed by formation of stones in urinary system from dissolved urinary minerals.
Reasons can be different - wrong eating habits, wrong medicines, genetic abnormalities, etc.
Not a new disease; Stone has been found in Egyptian mummy at E1 Amrah, 4800 BC-1st eviedence of Urinary Stones. |
 12th century BC; Sushruta performed perineal lithotomy. |
| 1879 ; Heinecke performed Pyelolithotomy |
| 1976 ; Fernstrom & Johansson described planned endoscopic surgery for the large kidney stone – PCNL. |
| 1980 ; Chausy – sound wave to break stones ESWL or Lithotripsy. |
| PREVELANCE: |
| 1 in 10 persons develop Kidney stones in life time. |
| 5 – 10 % population is affected, 50 % of them have recurrence in next 5 t0 10 yrs. |
| 7-10 of every 1000 hospital admission. |
| Types : |
| To date over 200 components have been found in calculi; however, the most common constituents of kidney stones are: |
| Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (Whewellite); CaC2O4 * H2O |
| Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate (Weddellite); CaC2O4 * 2H2O |
| Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Hexahydrate (Struvite); MgNH4PO4 * 2H2O |
| Calcium Phosphate, Carbonate Form (Carbonate Apatite); Ca10(PO4 * CO3OH)6(OH)2 |
| Calcium Phosphate, Hydroxyl Form (Hydroxyl Apatite); Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 |
| Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate (Brushite); CaHPO4 * 2H2O |
| Uric Acid; C5H4N4O3 |
| Cystine; (SCH2CH(NH2)*COOH)2 |
| Sodium Acid Urate; NaH * C5H2O3N4 * H2O |
| Tricalcium Phosphate (Whitlockite); Ca3(PO4)2 |
| Ammonium Acid Urate; NH4H * C5H2O3N4 * H2O |
| Magnesium Hydrogen Phosphate Trihydrate (Newberyite); MgHPO4 * 3H2O |
